Children and Drug Safety: Balancing Risk and Protection in Twentieth-Century America

Cynthia A Connolly

Open Access Published by Rutgers University Press 2018

Children and Drug Safety

Balancing Risk and Protection in Twentieth-Century America

Cynthia A Connolly

In the series Critical Issues in Health and Medicine

https://doi.org/10.36019/9780813563893

Overview
Contents

About this book

Winner of the 2018 Arthur J. Viseltear Award from the Medical Care Section of the American Public Health Association

Children and Drug Safety traces the development, use, and marketing of drugs for children in the twentieth century, a history that sits at the interface of the state, business, health care providers, parents, and children. This book illuminates the historical dimension of a clinical and policy issue with great contemporary significance—many of the drugs administered to children today have never been tested for safety and efficacy in the pediatric population.

Each chapter of Children and Drug Safety engages with major turning points in pediatric drug development; themes of children’s risk, rights, protection and the evolving context of childhood; child-rearing; and family life in ways freighted with nuances of race, class, and gender. Cynthia A. Connolly charts the numerous attempts by Congress, the Food and Drug Administration, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and leading pediatric pharmacologists, scientists, clinicians, and parents to address a situation that all found untenable.

Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities.

The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

Author / Editor information

CYNTHIA A. CONNOLLY is a pediatric nurse and historian of children’s health care. She is an associate professor at the University of Pennsylvania School of Nursing where she is the Rosemarie B. Greco Term Endowed Associate Professor in Advocacy. She is associate director at the Barbara Bates Center for the Study of the History of Nursing, a faculty director at the Field Center for Children’s Policy, Practice, and Research, and a senior fellow at the Leonard Davis Institute of Health Economics, both at the University of Pennsylvania. She is the author of Saving Sickly Children: The Tuberculosis Preventorium in American Life, 1909–1970 (Rutgers University Press).

Reviews

"Cynthia Connolly, in this brilliant piece of scholarship, demonstrates not only that drug safety in children has often driven key moments in pharmaceutical regulation, but that issues regarding the logistics, ethics, and market priorities of testing pharmaceuticals in children have evolved and endured for over a century."

— Scott Podolsky, Harvard Medical School and author of The Antibiotic Era

"By exploring the historical context of children and drug therapy, Connolly is the first to link the historiography of pharmaceuticals with the history of childhood and health care. Children and Drug Safety is timely and will make significant contributions to scholarship in the history of health care."

— Heather Prescott, author of The Morning After: A History of Emergency Contraception in the United States

Making children’s medicines tasty makes the experience of being sick less stressful for kids, and helps doctors and parents get kids to take them peacefully. But there is also the danger, if they are too tasty, that kids will consume them in secret, and overdose.

Children’s aspirin is a stark example of that. St. Joseph Aspirin for Children was released in 1947. It was orange-colored and orange-flavored and often advertised as “candy aspirin.” And “within a few years of its introduction, the incidence of aspirin poisoning in young children increased dramatically, almost five hundred percent,” writes Cynthia Connolly, a professor of nursing at the University of Pennsylvania who studies the history of pediatric health care. “I, myself, am a former aspirin-poisoned child,” Connolly told me. It happened in 1961 or 1962, when she was 3 or 4 years old, she says. “My parents kept it up high because they knew I loved it. It had a wonderful granular taste; it tastes like a SweeTart. One time when they weren’t looking, I got up there and got the St. Joseph Aspirin for Children, took almost the whole bottle, and then fell off the counter and broke my arm. While still holding the medicine by the way.” Her parents found her when she screamed, and she had to go to the hospital and get her stomach pumped—and her arm set.

The dangers of candy aspirin led to the development of the safety cap, Connolly writes. And the pharmaceutical industry came to realize that it probably wasn’t a great idea to sell medicine as “candy.”

— Julie Beck, The Atlantic

‘Candy aspirin,’ safety caps, and the history of children’s drugs: excerpt of Children and Drug Safety by Cynthia Connolly on Penn Today

— Penn Today

"New Scholarly Books: Weekly Book List, June 8," by Nina C. Ayoub

— Chronicle of Higher Education

"This is a succinct, well-organized topical and chronological exploration of child health research and social welfare policy debates and related legislation from the late-19th through the early-21st century."

— Choice

"Children and Drug Safety is an extremely readable and surprisingly enjoyable book that adds nuance to our understanding of the history of pediatrics, medicine, and pharmacy."

— Pharmacy in History

"[The book] demonstrates a deep understanding of the technical details of pediatric care that reflects the author’s own professional expertise in this area....[and] constitutes a valuable and sobering introduction to the history of American child drug safety debates during the twentieth century."

— The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth

"New Scholarly Books: Weekly Book List, June 8," by Nina C. Ayoub

— Chronicle of Higher Education

"This is a succinct, well-organized topical and chronological exploration of child health research and social welfare policy debates and related legislation from the late-19th through the early-21st century."

— Choice

"Children and Drug Safety is an extremely readable and surprisingly enjoyable book that adds nuance to our understanding of the history of pediatrics, medicine, and pharmacy."

— Pharmacy in History

‘Candy aspirin,’ safety caps, and the history of children’s drugs: excerpt of Children and Drug Safety by Cynthia Connolly on Penn Today

— Penn Today

"[The book] demonstrates a deep understanding of the technical details of pediatric care that reflects the author’s own professional expertise in this area....[and] constitutes a valuable and sobering introduction to the history of American child drug safety debates during the twentieth century."

— The Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth

Making children’s medicines tasty makes the experience of being sick less stressful for kids, and helps doctors and parents get kids to take them peacefully. But there is also the danger, if they are too tasty, that kids will consume them in secret, and overdose.

Children’s aspirin is a stark example of that. St. Joseph Aspirin for Children was released in 1947. It was orange-colored and orange-flavored and often advertised as “candy aspirin.” And “within a few years of its introduction, the incidence of aspirin poisoning in young children increased dramatically, almost five hundred percent,” writes Cynthia Connolly, a professor of nursing at the University of Pennsylvania who studies the history of pediatric health care. “I, myself, am a former aspirin-poisoned child,” Connolly told me. It happened in 1961 or 1962, when she was 3 or 4 years old, she says. “My parents kept it up high because they knew I loved it. It had a wonderful granular taste; it tastes like a SweeTart. One time when they weren’t looking, I got up there and got the St. Joseph Aspirin for Children, took almost the whole bottle, and then fell off the counter and broke my arm. While still holding the medicine by the way.” Her parents found her when she screamed, and she had to go to the hospital and get her stomach pumped—and her arm set.

The dangers of candy aspirin led to the development of the safety cap, Connolly writes. And the pharmaceutical industry came to realize that it probably wasn’t a great idea to sell medicine as “candy.”

— Julie Beck, The Atlantic

"By exploring the historical context of children and drug therapy, Connolly is the first to link the historiography of pharmaceuticals with the history of childhood and health care. Children and Drug Safety is timely and will make significant contributions to scholarship in the history of health care."

— Heather Prescott, author of The Morning After: A History of Emergency Contraception in the United States

"Cynthia Connolly, in this brilliant piece of scholarship, demonstrates not only that drug safety in children has often driven key moments in pharmaceutical regulation, but that issues regarding the logistics, ethics, and market priorities of testing pharmaceuticals in children have evolved and endured for over a century."

— Scott Podolsky, Harvard Medical School and author of The Antibiotic Era

Topics

Frontmatter Open Access Download PDF	i
Contents Open Access Download PDF	vii
1. Drug Therapy: From “Baby Killers” to Baby Savers, 1906–1933 Open Access Download PDF	1
2. New Drugs, Old Problems in Pediatrics: From Therapeutic Nihilism to the Antibiotic Era, 1933–1945 Open Access Download PDF	16
3. The Child as Drug Development Problem and Business Opportunity in a New Era, 1945–1961 Open Access Download PDF	33
4. The Growth and Development of the Therapeutic Orphan, 1961–1979 Open Access Download PDF	64
5. A “Big Business Built for Little Customers”: Candy Aspirin, Children, and Poisoning, 1947–1976 Open Access Download PDF	96
6. Children and Psychopharmacology in Postwar America Open Access Download PDF	124
7. Pediatric Drug Development and Policy after 1979 Open Access Download PDF	143
Appendix Open Access Download PDF	163
Acknowledgments Open Access Download PDF	167
Notes Open Access Download PDF	171
Index Open Access Download PDF	233
About the Author Open Access Download PDF	247

Language: English
Publisher: Rutgers University Press
Audience: College/higher education;
Pages
- Main content: 260
Illustrations
- Other: 8
Keywords: children; drug; therapy; pharmaceutical; drug safety; drugs children; pharmacy; medication; pills; children medication

eBook

Published: May 11, 2018
ISBN: 9780813563893